779 research outputs found
Motivation and Motor Control: Hemispheric Specialization for Approach Motivation Reverses with Handedness
(SSH), according to which the hemispheric laterality of affective motivation depends on the laterality of motor control for the dominant hand (i.e., the âsword hand," used preferentially to perform approach actions) and the nondominant hand (i.e., the âshield hand," used preferentially to perform avoidance actions).To determine whether the laterality of approach motivation varies with handedness, we measured alpha-band power (an inverse index of neural activity) in right- and left-handers during resting-state electroencephalography and analyzed hemispheric alpha-power asymmetries as a function of the participants' trait approach motivational tendencies. Stronger approach motivation was associated with more left-hemisphere activity in right-handers, but with more right-hemisphere activity in left-handers.The hemispheric correlates of approach motivation reversed between right- and left-handers, consistent with the way they typically use their dominant and nondominant hands to perform approach and avoidance actions. In both right- and left-handers, approach motivation was lateralized to the same hemisphere that controls the dominant hand. This covariation between neural systems for action and emotion provides initial support for the SSH
Interpersonal emotion regulation in team sport: mechanisms and reasons to regulate teammates' emotions examined
The interpersonal dimension of emotion regulation in the field of sport has lately received a burgeoning interest. Nevertheless, how and why athletes regulate their teammates' emotions in competitive setting remains unclear. Across two studies within a team sport context, we uncovered athletes' mechanisms for, and reasons to regulate teammates' emotions during competition. In Study 1, we investigated how rugby (Nâ=â22 males) players' emotions were self- and interpersonally regulated during games. Findings revealed the emergence of a continuum of self-involvement in the regulatory processes, wherein two forms of emotion regulation co-existed: self-regulation (total self-involvement) and interpersonal regulation, which included co-regulation (partial self-involvement; regulation with others) and extrinsic regulation (no self-involvement; regulation by/of others). In Study 2, we examined the motives that lead rugby (nâ=â30 males) players to use interpersonal extrinsic regulation strategies during games. Interview data indicated that players regulated teammates' emotions for altruistic reasons (to help a teammate), egoistic reasons (for one's own benefits), or both. Overall, our findings further knowledge to better understand interpersonal emotion regulation within competitive team sport contexts. From an applied perspective, findings highlight the role that both individual goals and ego involvement may play in optimising efficient interpersonal regulation during competition at team level
Interpersonal Arrogance and the Incentive Salience of Power <i>Versus</i> Affiliation Cues
The arrogance dimension of the circumplex contrasts people who seemingly value power over affiliation (high arrogance) versus those who do not (low arrogance). Following this line of thinking, and building on an incentive salience model of approach motivation, three studies (total N = 284) examined the differential processing of power versus affiliation stimuli in categorization, perception and approachâavoidance paradigms. All studies found interactions of the same type. In study 2, for example, people high in arrogance perceived power stimuli to be larger than affiliation stimuli, but this differential pattern was not evident at low arrogance levels. People high, but not low, in arrogance also approached power stimuli faster than affiliation stimuli in a motor movement task (study 3). The results contribute to a processâbased understanding of how interpersonal arrogance functions while linking such differences to the manner in which power versus affiliation cues are perceived and reacted to. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology </jats:p
The balance of power: accretion and feedback in stellar mass black holes
In this review we discuss the population of stellar-mass black holes in our
galaxy and beyond, which are the extreme endpoints of massive star evolution.
In particular we focus on how we can attempt to balance the available accretion
energy with feedback to the environment via radiation, jets and winds,
considering also possible contributions to the energy balance from black hole
spin and advection. We review quantitatively the methods which are used to
estimate these quantities, regardless of the details of the astrophysics close
to the black hole. Once these methods have been outlined, we work through an
outburst of a black hole X-ray binary system, estimating the flow of mass and
energy through the different accretion rates and states. While we focus on
feedback from stellar mass black holes in X-ray binary systems, we also
consider the applicability of what we have learned to supermassive black holes
in active galactic nuclei. As an important control sample we also review the
coupling between accretion and feedback in neutron stars, and show that it is
very similar to that observed in black holes, which strongly constrains how
much of the astrophysics of feedback can be unique to black holes.Comment: To be published in Haardt et al. Astrophysical Black Holes. Lecture
Notes in Physics. Springer 201
For which side the bell tolls: The laterality of approach-avoidance associative networks
The two hemispheres of the brain appear to play different roles in emotion and/or motivation. A great deal of previous research has examined the valence hypothesis (left hemisphere = positive; right = negative), but an increasing body of work has supported the motivational hypothesis (left hemisphere = approach; right = avoidance) as an alternative. The present investigation (N = 117) sought to provide novel support for the latter perspective. Left versus right hemispheres were briefly activated by neutral lateralized auditory primes. Subsequently, participants categorized approach versus avoidance words as quickly and accurately as possible. Performance in the task revealed that approach-related thoughts were more accessible following left-hemispheric activation, whereas avoidance-related thoughts were more accessible following right-hemispheric activation. The present results are the first to examine such lateralized differences in accessible motivational thoughts, which may underlie more âdownstreamâ manifestations of approach and avoidance motivation such as judgments, decision making, and behavior
The INTEGRAL Galactic bulge monitoring program: the first 1.5 years
The Galactic bulge region is a rich host of variable high-energy point
sources. Since 2005, February 17 we are monitoring the source activity in this
region about every three days with INTEGRAL. Thanks to the large field of view,
the imaging capabilities and the sensitivity at hard X-rays, we are able to
present for the first time a detailed homogeneous (hard) X-ray view of a sample
of 76 sources in the Galactic bulge region. We describe the successful
monitoring program and show the first results for a period of about one and a
half year. We focus on the short (hour), medium (month) and long-term (year)
variability in the 20-60 keV and 60-150 keV bands. When available, we discuss
the simultaneous observations in the 3-10 keV and 10-25 keV bands. Per
visibility season we detect 32/33 sources in the 20-60 keV band and 8/9 sources
in the 60-150 keV band. On average, we find per visibility season one active
bright (>~100 mCrab, 20-60 keV) black-hole candidate X-ray transient and three
active weaker (<~25 mCrab, 20-60 keV) neutron star X-ray transients. Most of
the time a clear anti-correlation can be seen between the soft and hard X-ray
emission in some of the X-ray bursters. Hard X-ray flares or outbursts in X-ray
bursters, which have a duration of the order of weeks, are accompanied by soft
X-ray drops. On the other hand, hard X-ray drops can be accompanied by soft
X-ray flares/outbursts. We found a number of new sources, IGR J17354-3255, IGR
17453-2853, IGR J17454-2703, IGR J17456-2901b, IGR J17536-2339, and IGR
J17541-2252. We report here on some of the high-energy properties of these
sources. The high-energy light curves of all the sources in the field of view,
and the high-energy images of the region, are made available through the WWW at
http://isdc.unige.ch/Science/BULGE/.Comment: 27 pages, 42 figures, accepted for publication in A&A. Abstract
abridged. Tables 3,4,6,7 appear at the end. Images have been compressed and
are reduced in quality; original PostScript images can be retrieved from
http://isdc.unige.ch/~kuulkers/bulge
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